Forestry Facts and Frequently Asked Questions

Forestry Background

Canada is leading the way in responsible forest management with some 72 million hectares of certified forest land. This represents almost 43 per cent of Canada’s annual harvest and over 60 per cent of Canada’s managed forest land. Canada has the largest area of certified forests of any country in the world. Having maintained over 90 per cent of its original forest cover, Canada is already a global leader in balanced forest, protection and use. Today, Canadian forest companies are embracing certification as a natural step in sustainable forest management. These are numbers that the industry is very proud of and believe they are important statistics for the purpose of further educating the general public.

In Nova Scotia forests cover over four million hectares, or 75 per cent of the province of Nova Scotia. These forests are a diverse and productive resource providing citizens of our province with environmental, economic, social and cultural benefits.

Indeed, primary forestry and related manufacturing is the industrial anchor of the Nova Scotia economy. An Atlantic Provinces Economic Council (APEC) study commissioned by FPANS in October 2005 concluded that Nova Scotia’s forestry industry generated an estimated $695 million in provincial GDP last year, employed approximately 11, 000 Nova Scotians and exported over $1 billion worth of products internationally. Including indirect effects on other industries, the forest industry accounts for an estimated 3.6 per cent of the province’s employment and GDP.

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Backbone of Employment

Forestry and forestry related industries are the backbone of employment in rural Nova Scotia.

There are seven major forestry industrial sites in Nova Scotia.

Medium and large sawmills in Nova Scotia.

International Exports:

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Harvesting

Isn’t the amount of Nova Scotia forests being clearcut increasing every year?

No! Our industry seeks to intensively manage our forest resource. With more and more demands being placed on our forests (i.e. protected areas, green belts, special management zones, parks, protection of water quality, provision for wildlife habitat protection, and provision of recreational opportunities) it is becoming increasingly important that foresters be permitted to manage the diminishing areas available for fibre production, as intensively as possible. Such management must be achieved through sustainable forestry practices.

It is important to note that some of FPANS members have 25, 50, and sometimes 100-year land management plans in place for their own lands. They plan on being in Nova Scotia for the long term.

It is also important to highlight that the practice of clearcutting actually uses less land base than selection harvesting for example. Selection harvesting requires more land to produce the same volume of fibre as that of a clearcut situation. More land usually equals more roads. It is important to realize that the forestry debate is very complicated and that there are no easy answers. Clearcutting itself is not the problem or the issue. How it is carried out is the issue.

Forest stakeholders and observers claim 98 per cent of timber harvesting in Nova Scotia today is clearcuts. Are they right?

No! Actually the number is closer to 85 per cent. However, what we should focus on is that only 1.8 per cent of Nova Scotia’s operable forests are harvested each year and only 1.2 per cent of Nova Scotia’s total forest lands are harvested and 85 per cent of all harvested areas will grow back naturally, leaving only 15 per cent to be planted. Unfortunately the general public has the perception that clearcutting equals overcutting and that is not the case at all. Scientific evidence clearly supports the fact that we are not overcutting our forests with current silviculture practices that are in place. Indeed, the industry is now beginning to see the fruits of its past labour as we are beginning to see a decline in the amount of clearcutting taking place in Nova Scotia.

Another commonly held perception by industry observers is that perhaps as much as half of the clearcutting that takes place occurs in stands where other prescriptions would be preferable. What is FPANS view of this perception?

This is a very difficult question to answer based on its subjectivity. There are a great deal of views and feelings regarding the forest industry and forest industry practices and often these feelings or perceptions are not based on facts. Very often there is more than one harvesting technique that can be utilized on a stand. Often the technique or application is based on landowner objectives. So when you say preferable one has to ask preferable to whom? The most important thing to keep in mind is that regardless of the harvesting application, the top priority is that they are executed properly and in a sustainable manner. Today’s forestry operations are science based with management plans that are representative of the next 50-100 years.

Is the level of clearcutting going to be reduced now that forestry workers say they are going to be using techniques more sensitive to ecological concerns?

It is indeed true that professional loggers are using techniques that are more sensitive to the ecology of an area. Such practices would include (1) leaving green belts along waterways for purposes of erosion control and protection of water quality, (2) leaving “wildlife clumps” in harvest areas to increase wildlife diversity, (3) providing for wildlife corridors within harvest areas to maintain habitat, (4) leaving “special management zones” to protect existing habitat features (i.e. deer yards, rapture nest habitats), (5) undertaking management planning with “landscape or viewscape” priorities in mind, (6) increasing the use of alternative harvesting techniques such as selection harvesting, shelterwood harvesting, and thinning operations.

However, it must be emphasized that most clearcutting is not insensitive to ecological concerns and it is not going to disappear. It is important to realize that clearcutting, if done properly, is a very responsible approach to forest management.

The forest industry agrees that we need to consider all other alternative methods of forest harvesting when preparing management plans. However, we also recognize that in most cases clearcutting makes scientific sense when considering issues like stand conditions in many areas of Nova Scotia, past harvesting practices and existing species conditions. Unfortunately our forefathers harvested only the best and left us with the rest.

In areas that have experienced poor past harvesting practices, or have undergone large insect infestations or have experienced large forest fire devastation, what is left behind today is a large area of forest stands in very poor condition. In these instances the most efficient harvesting method is clearcutting. This way the forest slate is indeed cleaned and we are presented with an opportunity to start fresh and create a new healthier and more diverse forest, which will result in greater forestry management options for the future. Clearcutting is not the end of a management cycle but merely the beginning of a new life cycle of a new generation of forest resource.

The new healthier forest that results from this will provide the opportunity to implement alternative methods of harvesting i.e. selective harvesting, pre commercial thinning, commercial thinning, and shelterwood harvesting.

Over the last ten to 20 years we have seen dramatic changes in the way we manage our forest resource. Many of these changes have taken place in the way we clearcut. Today’s clearcuts are much smaller in acreage. Clearcut shapes have also changed. No longer are we witnessing square blocks of large cutovers, rather we are seeing edges now irregular in shape allowing for greater habitat area.

More land is being left for wildlife habitat, wildlife clumps, wildlife corridors, special management zones, buffer areas along streams, and protection of special habitat areas. There is also greater protection of waterways with green belts and buffer areas that enhance water quality.

Is there enough uneven-aged management being executed in Nova Scotia?

This is a question that has been around for a considerable period of time with no one answer being applicable across the province. Forest stand conditions vary considerably from one end of Nova Scotia to the other. The popular belief seems to be that all even aged forests are the result of high grading by the forest industry. In fact, while past harvesting practices have played a part, most of the forests we deal with today are even-aged, because of wildfires (i.e. the Liscomb Game Sanctuary), insect infestation (i.e. Cape Breton Highlands) major windstorms (i.e. Hurricane Edna and most recently Hurricane Juan) and wide spread clearing of land by previous generations for farm operations. These events that may have happened 80 to 100 years ago dictate the stand conditions that exist today. Subsequently, these events also dictate the harvest method, which is normally to clearcut the area or face massive blow-down of trees left standing.

Our industry continues to progress from environmental management systems to what is termed sustainable management systems. With such systems, biodiversity within eco-regions will begin to retain a more diverse overall forest. It must also be recognized that landowners have the right to “manage” their woodlands by whatever method they choose. There is a need to educate landowners to the fact that they have a number of options as to how best to manage those properties. For most forest stands, there is more than one acceptable management option – there is not a single “right method” – and the landowner has the right to choose. Clearcutting need not be the only method of harvest to use.

In fact, the harvesting method used on any stand, even-aged or uneven-aged, depends on making informed choices. These factors include location, exposure to wind, elevation, soil type, species, habitat, tree health and age. The goals and objectives of the landowner are also a major consideration - whether the property is being managed for a long-term investment, as a cash crop, or as a means of providing a quick source of income for emergency situations. In many cases, clearcutting could be the preferred method of harvest - for even-aged or uneven-aged stands.

Hasn’t the introduction of chip mills and satellite chippers increased the amount of clearcutting of stands that would have been considered marginal or too young previously?

Satellite chippers are not a common practice in Nova Scotia. Wood chips are a by-product created by saw mills. Sawlogs are milled and the wastes that these create are used to produce chips. For example, the production of Kraft paper used in the Pulp and Paper industry requires a lower quality of wood. This is wood that in the past would not have been harvested. Today, marginal forests are being harvested and regenerated, resulting in new, healthier and more vibrant forests. Today we have healthier forests than we did thirty years ago.

Wouldn’t there be more forestry jobs if clearcutting were banned?

The number of forestry and forestry related jobs in Nova Scotia has varied over the years depending on several factors such as availability of trained workers, the cost to employers of workers compensation rates, the overall rate of employment in the province, market conditions, and the number and type of jobs available in the forest industry. It is difficult to determine if there would more jobs available in forestry if clearcutting was banned. Today’s forestry operations are much more highly mechanized – even in thinning, shelterwood and selection harvesting- and they require a much higher skilled and better-trained forestry worker than ever before. The forestry industry has become extremely high –tech in order to remain competitive in today’s global economy. It is not unlike the advancements in technology in any other industry. Imagine the employment possibilities if we reverted to the days when farming was carried out without the modern equipment it uses today. Or should we build highways like we did eighty years ago. The fact is that primary forestry and related manufacturing is the industrial anchor of the provincial economy. Some 11,000 jobs rely directly and indirectly on forestry.

In forestry type scientific studies, the terms whole tree harvesting (everything above the ground), complete tree harvesting (everything, including below ground parts, removed) and bole-only harvesting (i.e. just the trunks) are referred to. When has the industry used these practices and what is industry using today?

There is no complete tree harvesting (everything, including below ground parts) being practiced in Nova Scotia. A very small amount of whole tree harvesting is conducted on some holdings throughout the province. This amounts to between two per cent and eight per cent depending on whose land it is. In these instances the trees are hauled out to the roadside landing where they are delimbed and chipped. The resulting debris (branches and limbs) is hauled back to the woods and deposited on the site. Most cases, the method of harvest is “bole-only” harvesting where the trees are cut, limbed and cut-to-length at the site with resulting debris at the stump.

Industry observers have noted that clearcutting and reforestation has worked really well in Holland. Can Nova Scotia learn anything from the Holland example?

Indeed, it has worked well in Holland. However, it would be misleading to make the comparison for Nova Scotia. It is important to stress that Nova Scotia forest is very different than that in Holland. In fact, we cannot even make any comparisons between other provinces in Canada. Nova Scotia has an Acadian forest unlike the rest of Canada that has Boreal Forests. The size of our clearcuts are much smaller than in other provinces, however, their circumstances are different. It is important to ensure when making any forestry comparisons that we compare apples to apples and oranges to oranges.

Are red spruce stands in Nova Scotia being harvested before they mature?

Red spruce, young or old, is the preferred species in many jurisdictions because of its strength characteristics as a building material. Many of the answers to this question are similar to those previous questions that pertains to landowner objectives, land tenure and site specific species. If we accept that the ultimate management decision rests with the landowner and if that landowner is allowed to productively manage only a limited piece of ground and wishes to maximize his production, then he/she may well want to harvest his crop as it is beginning to slow down in growth – i.e. At 60 to 80 years of age.

Stands exist in areas such as those at St. Margaret’s Bay, where the red spruce reproduction is so plentiful that it requires thinning at an early age to grow to its’ maximum potential. These are areas that regenerate naturally in red spruce all with an even-aged stand structure and ready to provide a product ready for harvest within a reasonable time frame. Many markets today that purchase Nova Scotia lumber are not looking for large building materials (i.e. 2 x 10 or 2 x 12). The demand today for I-joists (which are replacing 2 x 10's and 2 x 12's), mean that the marketplace demand is for smaller materials (2 x 4's and 2 x 6's), which come from smaller trees.

It’s interesting that environmental groups claim that trees over 80 years old are rare, but that red spruce are too young to harvest at age 75.

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Sustainability and the Wood Supply

What is the current situation with Nova Scotia’s wood supply?

The Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources is indeed our source for forest research in the province and based on that research, the Department has adopted measures to ensure the sustainability of our resources. They are the only group that has all the data required to show the sustainability of current harvest levels. The new regulations, which require an assurance for silviculture after harvesting, provides for the long term sustainability of forests on Crown, industrial and private lands in Nova Scotia.

However, we must realize that our forests continue to come under ever increasing pressure from many different groups who advocate different uses as we take more productive land out of service and add greater environmental safeguards. Productive land being taken out of service is being set aside for protected places, for habitat protection, for protection of water quality, for recreational purposes, for cultural reserves, for green belt areas, for wildlife corridors, and for old growth reserves. Forest land is also disappearing because of conversion to other uses, i.e. agricultural lands, housing and cottage development, and urban sprawl to name a few. It’s not just the additional requirements for conservation that are taxing the resource; the shrinking size of the forest land base itself is also a concern.

What we need to do as a society is realize that all these interests are valid and what we need to do is to work toward reaching that balance of use that some are suggesting. What must be realized is that society needs to understand industry’s need to practice intensive forest management on industrial lands for the purpose of fibre production (much the same as a farmer intensively manages his limited farmland to maximize his yield from each acre). This may well mean that even-aged management will be best suited for fibre production and will then allow us to leave other areas for non-forestry use as desired by society.

Isn’t the current rate of harvesting overall in the province unsustainable?

Forest management practices are carried out based on science. Harvesting is balanced by a greater emphasis on Silviculture. On average, 10,000 hectares of land is planted each year. In 2003, some $12 .3 million was invested in Silviculture and forest protection annually on both Crown and private lands. Our decision making process relies on sound research as carried out by the Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources. This department information which is always the latest in scientific information tells us based on the most recent harvest levels and current levels of silviculture treatments that harvests are indeed sustainable on both crownlands and industrial lands. Harvest levels on private lands, under current conditions are sustainable, but only marginally so. The harvest on private land is sustainable provided the right stands of timber are harvested at the right time and that adequate silviculture treatments are carried out. Educating landowners on when to harvest is just as important as how to harvest. That is why the need to educate the private landowner, and to make then aware that they have many options (other than clearcutting) when it comes to managing their timber resource is important.

What is the Forest Products of Association of Nova Scotia doing to promote sustainability in its member’s forestry practices?

What is important to emphasize is that Forest Products Association of Nova Scotia (FPANS) is currently working on a policy that will be understood by all members. FPANS has extremely high standards for forest harvesting and regeneration; the following factors are considered and are reflected in our Stewardship Principles:

Follow an Operations Management Plan for Each Property:

Follow the Forest / Wildlife Standards for Nova Scotia:

Ensure Forest Renewal After Harvesting:

Protect Water Quality With Proper Road Construction, Water Crossings and Maintenance:

Respect Landowner Objectives and Property Rights:

The Health and Safety of Employees and the Public Will NOT Be Compromised by Any Forest Practice.

The Forest Products Association has been instrumental in establishing training programs aimed at ensuring the health and safety of those involved in working in the forest industry. This has been accomplished through putting in place the Forest Safety Society of Nova Scotia as well as through the Safety and Training Committee of the Association.

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Forest Management Improvements

The people working on the forestry frontline: contractors, woodlot owners and even industrial foresters are so caught in the woodland rat race that they are unable –or unwilling to stop and consider their actions aren’t they?

Today’s bigger players in the forest industry as well as many small woodlot owners and sawmill operators as well invest a large amount of their time, resources and money in developing and implementing long term forest management plans that will ensure the future of our forest resource. They are all well versed and educated regarding the laws, regulations and are very concerned about their own economic futures.

In addition, the provincial government has implemented a number of programs such as integrated resource management, forest sustainability regulations, registry of buyer’s program and wildlife habitat and watercourse protection regulations. These programs will not only enhance and ensure the sustainability of Nova Scotia’s forests, it will also help ensure the protection of wildlife habitat and help enhance the quality of our streams and waterways. FPANS supports these initiatives and our members are implementing these protective measures.

FPANS has adopted as its guiding principles the Nova Forest Alliance (Nova Scotia’s Model Forest) Best Management Practices including its contractor’s code of conduct as a method of encouraging members to ensure these are included in their forestry management processes. In fact, many FPANS members go much further and implement environmental management zones (EMS’s) and sustainable forest management systems (SFM’s) creating a more mosaic effect on our landscape. In addition, many members conduct training programs for employees and contractors.

FPANS and its members are working to develop new partnerships and enrich existing ones with a variety of different stakeholders. Partnerships exist between FPANS and the Nova Forest Alliance, Nova Scotia Forestry Association, the Nature Conservancy of Canada, Nova Scotia Nature Trust, the ATV Association of Nova Scotia and the Snowmobile Association of Nova Scotia.

Those on the front line of the forest industry are indeed very, very busy doing their jobs – utilizing one of Nova Scotia’s greatest natural resources to earn a healthy, productive, livelihood; while ensuring the forest ecosystem remains protected and the forest resource sustainable.

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Adapting Today’s Technology

The big mills keep spending more and more to improve technology. Years ago the mills wouldn’t touch the small wood they do today. Why is that?

Like all industry in Nova Scotia, in order to remain competitive in the global market place and help to continue to employ thousands of Nova Scotians in rural areas, it is simply good business practice to always be improving efficiencies and increasing productivity. Enhancing technology allows the industry to make more efficient use of each piece of raw material thereby reducing the amount of waste in the industry. One only has to look at many of the mills in the United States to see the results of standing still. These mills are less competitive in the world markets due to outdated technology and being very labour intensive.

Today’s advances in construction engineering have allowed the construction industry to utilize smaller lumber (2” x 4” – 2” x 6”) for structural purposes by creating wooden I-beams and laminated joists which are now replacing the need for larger construction lumber (2” x 10” – 2” x 12”). These I- beams provide greater strength characteristics and are easier for construction workers to handle. This also means that smaller trees can be utilized to meet the needs of the construction industry. These trees, when grown under intensive forest management can meet an increasing market demand. In addition, these trees can be produced on a shorter rotation basis. As a result of this intensive management and shorter rotation, less forest acreage is needed to produce this fibre source and this in turn leaves more forested acreage for the many other uses such as recreation, special places, protected area, green belts, wildlife corridors, watercourse protection and wildlife habitat.

What we seriously question is why is adapting today’s technology to ensure tomorrow’s competitiveness being “framed” as a negative element of our industry?

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Biodiversity and Land Use

How can sustainable forestry practices ensure the appropriate level of biodiversity is maintained in Nova Scotia’s forests?

The issue if biodiversity is one for which the final chapter will never be written. Each day it seems there is new information, and new scientific pathways to follow in order to make continuous improvements. The key for the forest industry is to ensure we are maintaining diversity on a landscape basis. If the overall diversity of landscape is threatened, so will the next level, which is biodiversity (habitat).

Our industry is doing very well on a landscape basis in maintaining a diversity of habitats. If a block of land within a larger landscape is harvested, the overall landscape provides the continuity of habitat while the site regenerates. Further, there has never been more done to protect habitat within and near the harvest block as we do today with green belts, wildlife habitat and watercourse protection and legacy/wildlife clumps. In addition, a significant amount of land will never be harvested as it is considered “non productive” and includes special areas such as wetlands. There is an acceptance of the provincial land classification system of eco-regions that is being used as a guide to maintaining diversity. This system is being integrated into many company’s computer mapping and forest management systems. The provincial special places network and voluntary conservation efforts by the forest industry and individuals add some additional pieces to the biodiversity that is nature’s quilt work.

The challenge is to maintain an acceptable level of diversity on a site-by site basis. Clear cutting may always be with us as it has scientific merit, sound economic impacts but, within this context, we are more aware of special habitat requirements. More natural shapes of cuts, smaller cuts and specific measures based on the local situations are evolving.

At the same time, we believe that more can be done. Our association members, which include businesses and individuals that are responsible for the management in excess of three million acres of Nova Scotia forestland. As a result, we are well positioned to increase biodiversity and habitat awareness amongst our members. Fortunately, the larger landowners within the association are either certified or working to become certified under Sustainable Forestry Management systems. Biodiversity management programs are key to becoming certified. The challenge however is reaching the broader spectrum of landowners. We believe strongly that this is a significant first step in the direction of improved awareness program for all landowners. Our industry and indeed our association will continue to work with government and other stakeholders and contribute to this never ending process of increasing our biodiversity of our forests.

On the issue of multiple land use uses, the forest industry is doing very well in co-operating with a variety of non-forestry land users. Forestlands are generally open to all forest users. We do try to accommodate and understand the values of other sectors.

The tourism sector is one that had expressed concerns about our industry in the past. We have begun a dialogue with many tourism associations across the province. Tourism is a “visual” industry and much of the dilemma lies in the fact that it is difficult to make a harvesting site look visually attractive. One could even suggest that beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Our larger members try not to impact scenic values along roadways and this is helping.

There are opportunities for our industry to be more active in working with organizations with the Nova Scotia Nature Trust and the Nature Conservancy of Canada or as individual companies J.D. Irving 's “Unique Areas Programs,” Bowater’s Recreational areas. Many areas are being conserved informally in some cases and formally in other cases.

We have a finite land base. There are many people competing to use it. All have their own philosophies of land use and the challenge is to find a balance as our population base grows. It can a be a painful process but we are all hopeful that the outcome will be positive for all interest groups.

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Protected Lands and Spaces

What is the Forest Industry’s view on expanding protected lands?

From an industry point of view protected lands and multiple land use is a very complicated issue. It is very important to comprehend the land ownership challenges that we all face as Nova Scotians. Federally owned land is only three per cent; Provincial Crown land is only 27 per cent; industrial woodlots is only 20 per cent and small private woodlots is 50 per cent of the forest land. That is the challenge facing government and industry in terms of expanding the protected lands network.

FPANS believes that the resource must be sustainable or the number one industry in Nova Scotia (forestry) can’t exist. FPANS believes that we can have a sustainable forest industry if “correct” land decisions are made. FPANS recognizes the need for a balanced approach.

FPANS applauds and will continue to support the provincial government for their balanced approach, which includes: Integrated Resource Management (IRM) on Crown Land. IRM includes recognition of old growth forests, special places, protected spaces, industrial use and recreation.

Along with IRM, FPANS also supports new forest sustainability regulations, sustainability of wood supply and increased silviculture. In addition FPANS supports the registry of buyers, which creates reliable data for forest management, and FPANS also supports the new wildlife habitat and watercourse protection regulations.

In terms of the multiple land use issue, the forest industry is doing very well in cooperating with a variety of non-forestry land users. Forest lands are generally open to all forest users.

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Forestry Certification

I hear a lot of discussion about forest certification. What is it and how will it help the forest industry?

Forest certification is the new reality in our industry. Forest certification is a market-based instrument aimed at promoting sustainable forest management. It involves independent verification of forest management practices against established standards.

Successful certification allows companies to claim that their products come from sustainably managed forests. It also provides companies with the option of using a label on their forests products, depending on the system.

The interest in certified forest products is a recent but growing marketplace reality, especially in Europe and the United States, two of Canada’s key markets for forest products.

In Canada, roughly 44 million hectares, or 37 per cent of managed forest land (2003) has been certified under one or more of the four main certifications currently in use in Canada. Canadian Standards Association (CSA), Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), Organization for International Standardization (ISO), and the Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI).

The current multiplicity of certification programs in the global marketplace is a reflection of the early stages of certification as a market based tool to promote sustainable forest management. While experts predict that in the future some certifications systems may prove to be more efficient than others from either a global or local perspective, there is no current reason to believe that one approach is best.

I read a lot about forestry and forestry jobs. What are the job and career opportunities that are available in the industry?

According to a Nova Scotia Forest Industry Labour Force Profile that was completed by the Atlantic Provinces Economic Council in 2004, the forestry labour force in Nova Scotia is going through a transformation. The number of workers in the forest products sector has been growing. However, the supply of labour is dwindling due to demographic factors such as slow population growth, and aging population and the urbanization of the labour force.

The dwindling pool of labour in the forest industry is not unique to Nova Scotia but the potential deficit is larger than other parts of the country due to its older workforce and lower unemployment rate.

Regions of the province and sub-industries within the forest sector with an older workforce and low unemployment may face the labour supply problem sooner than others. For example, the number of workers over 45 years in the pulp and paper sector is nearly twice as high as the sawmill industry.

The forest sector is adjusting to some of these realities but more work needs to be done. Increasingly, the forest industry is requiring higher skilled workers, but the demand for these workers is strong across all sectors. Wage levels in the pulp and paper sector will help attract workers, but skill requirements are already very high. Skill requirements in the primary forest sector and woods industries are lower, but wages are lower, but wages are less competitive.

The forest industry is working harder to transmit the message that it’s a professional industry. One recent step is the Certified Forest Workers Program, which will contribute to skill upgrading and recognition in the industry.

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If you wish to learn more about our association and its membership and principles, please call us at 1-902-895-1179.